The Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The market is therefore stable and still promises to grow. Every product producer and service provider has a unique way of marketing. The uniqueness of the marketing structure therefore promises either a profitable venture or a loss-ridden one. Depo-Provera, medically known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a hormone injection that alters the production of estrogen. It therefore prevents a woman from producing ova. The product has been in the market and continues to expand to newer ones across the world (Frey, 1956). Situational analysis The market for contraceptive products continues to grow if not stable. The married, for instance, have an obligation of regulating the number of children they have depending on their financial stability and social preferences. The married form the greatest market shareholders. Because of their obligations, they shop for the most appropriate contraceptive methods. Additionally, the market is also composed of any other mature sexually act ive person within the country. However, the product targets those who have sexual intercourse regularly and is therefore more advisable on the married or commercial sex workers. Currently, there are a number of products in the market that provide similar functions. The most common of these include Nuvaring, another is Intrauterine Device (IUD) while Ortho Evra (patch) together with birth Pills also form part of these. All these and many others have their strengths and weaknesses that make them hold the market shares they currently dominate. As the market continues to grow, Depo-Provera continues to expand its market share which is a clear show of effective marketing strategies by the marketers of the company. Depo-Provera has a number of strengths which it has used as its competitive advantages over the years. Unlike other contraceptives, Depo-Provera is not used daily. A single injection lasts a month. This is a relief to many women who use the daily injections or the daily pills w hich normally tend to have severe bodily reactions. The monthly menstrual flow is a bother to many women; the hormonal injection alters the body making a woman miss her periods for three consecutive months (Abrams & Eugene, 2003). Additionally, the use of the injection is proven to reduce the chances of a woman suffering from ovarian cancer. Some of the used contraceptives normally have side effects some of which are as acute as the contraction of ovarian cancer. The use of Depo-Provera minimizes this risk thereby providing its user with the peace of mind and longevity of use. However, the product, just as any other in the market, presents a number of side effects, which also sum up as its weaknesses. Being a hormone, the injection reduces the thickness of the uterine lining. This results in reduced rates of the monthly bleeding and after a prolonged use, some women experience no bleeding at all. Such occurrence may affect the mental stability of many women who consider it normal fo r a woman to experience the monthly period especially when not using a contraceptive. Women may also after stopping the use of this contraceptive experience an excessive bleeding. This is normally because of the hormonal imbalance which is rectified through medication. The expansion strategy of the product is governed by a

Childhood Obesity Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Essay Is There Any Need to Be Worried About Childhood Obesity? Catherine (Boyuan Zheng) ESLI Level 5P Is There Any Need to Be Worried About Childhood Obesity? 1. Introduction Childhood obesity is a major focus of the society and the public health officials. And childhood obesity trends have increased dramatically over the past several years (Staniford, Breckon, Copeland, 2012, p. 545). Overweight is measured by body mass index which is called BMI. According to the survey from the 2003 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), overweight increased from 7. 2% to 13.9% among children during 2 to 5 years old and from 11% to 19% among children who are 6 to 11 years old. And among 12- to 19-year-olds, the statistics of overweight increased from 11% to 17.1% from 2003 to 2004 (Faith, Kerns, Diewald, 2009, p.281). In the past several years, the statistics of childhood obesity has a dramatic global increase. Therefore, childhood obesity is becoming a more and more serious problem. According to Ebbeling, Pawlak and Luwing (2002), â€Å"[b]odyweight is regulated by numerous physiological mechanisms that maintain balance between energy intake and energy expenditure† (p.474). The factors that cause childhood obesity include four aspects: (1) Genetic, perinatal, and early-life factors, such as â€Å"five genetic mutations that cause human obesity have been identified, all presenting in childhood, and the BMI normally decreases until 5-6 years, then increases through adolescence†; (2) Physical activity, children who are lack of exercises are easy to be obese, for example, television viewing is thought to promote weight gain because of keeping sitting; (3) Diet, for instance, fast food almost comprises all of the potentially adverse dietary factors, â€Å"including saturated and trans fat, high glycaemic index, high energy density, and, increasingly, large portion size†; and (4) Family factors, the risk of obesity is effected by the parent-children inactions and the home environment, for example, many families like to eat in restaurants which tends to serve larger portions of energy dense food (Ebbeling et al., 2002, pp.474-476). Nowadays, chil dhood obesity is becoming more and more serious. It has been identified as a harmful epidemic all over the world, especially in the U.S., Brazail and China (CIA World Factbook, 2009, para.7). As childhood obesity causes many negative effects both on children themselves and on the healthcare system, it is important to pay attention to the possible solutions for childhood obesity. 2. The Negative Effects of Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity has negative effects on childhood life which include intelligent and health complications. In other words, obese children would meet many problems during their usual study and life. People need to concern the health complications which are associated with childhood obesity, including â€Å"Elevated blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, respiratory abnormalities, poor body image, and increased adulthood mortality in females† (Faith et al., 2009, p.281). This reveals that childhood obesity has a significant negative influence on the maintenance of a healthy body, even in the future of childhood life. In addition, childhood intelligent quotient (IQ) is associated with childhood obesity. According to the research, â€Å"the FIQ [full intelligent quotient] and PIQ [performances intelligent quoient]of obesity in school-age children were lower than normal weight children† (Yu, Han, Cao, Guo, 2009, p.665). In other words, obesity would mak e children face problems such as depression, social isolation, low self-esteem and poor academic performance. Therefore, overweight children need to face more problems on health and intelligence than normal weight children. In addition, childhood overweight and obesity cause not only childhood life problems, but also the financial burden to the public health system. Obese children cost much higher publicly funded medical and pharmaceutical costs than normal weight children. According to Au’s research, â€Å"the financial burden of overweight and obesity occurs even during the first 5 years of primary school†, and â€Å"the prevention of overweight in children as young as 4-5 years could have significant economic (in addition to health) implications† (Au, 2012, p.670). This clearly shows that childhood obesity is the financial burden to public medical and pharmaceutical costs. Therefore, from an economic perspective, it is necessary to control the trends of childhood obesity. 3. The Treatments of Childhood Obesity From the negative effects that are talked about, I discuss that it is necessary to find effective solutions to solve the problems of childhood obesity. There are four solutions: (1) Diet modification, (2) Physical activity, (3) Psychotherapies for managing obesity, and (4) Parent participation. 3.1 Diet Modification Diet Modification is the most useful and effective pattern for obese children losing weight. What obese children firstly need to do is to change the dietary behaviors and keep healthy dietary strategies. As Faith et al. points out, â€Å"behavior modification strategies, such as behavioral contracting, stimulus control, and/or a specific dietary plan, are required to help children lose weight (Faith et al., 2009, p.291). This reveals that it is powerful and useful to make a healthy dietary component such as moderate caloric restriction and low-fat diets for overweight children. In addition, making good food choices is also a good way to control obese children’s weight. Epstein (1988) gives an successful manner to children weight loss, it is called â€Å"Stoplight Diet† which â€Å"effectively shifts the emphasis from calorie counting to making smarter food choice, monitoring portion sizes† (as qtd. in Faith et al., 2009, p.291). In other words, when people selec t food, they need to keep a balance on the energy intake and energy expenditure consumption instead of only focusing on caloric restriction. Dietary modification is a significant way of solving problems for childhood obesity, and it is also a healthy way for obese children. 3.2 Physical Activity In addition to dietary modification, increased physical activity is the other significant component of behavior treatments for overweight children. It suggests that exercise therapy is essential to the maintenance for losing weight. According to Epstein (1995), there are some â€Å"short-term effects of physical activity interventions on both children’s weight status as well as their cardiorespiratory fitness and other cardiovascular health benefits† (as qtd. in Faith et al., 2009, p.293). This clearly shows that physical activity is an effective way for obese children both on losing weight and keeping their important organs healthy. Furthermore, the therapy of physical activity for obese children is applied to physical education (PE) programs in schools. In the 2-year longitudinal investigation of elementary school  children, it shows that â€Å"an appropriately designed and administered PE [physical education] program can produce benefits for elementary school chil dren, not only by attenuating increases in percentage of body fat typical of children in this age group but also by enhancing numeracy development† (Telford et al., 2012, p.371). In other words, PE programs can be benefit both on keeping obese children’s weight losing and enhancing children’s capabilities of learning. To sum up, physical activity is an essential treatment for overweight children to lose weight and keep healthy. 3.3 Psychotherapies for managing obesity Furthermore, there is another one which is called psychotherapies for managing obesity which are accepted by many overweight children’s parents. Psychotherapies for managing obesity can effectively change people’s behaviors about their unhealthy lifestyles. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is the most useful therapy in psychotherapies for managing obesity, and it â€Å"does not focus directly on binge episodes or on reducing bingeing, but rather on the dysregulated affect that can trigger binge eating† (Taylor, Stonehocker, Steele, Sharma, 2012, p.15). In other words, DBT can successfully stop obese children from going on a binge, and help children to control themselves about their diet behaviors. In addition, there is another powerful treatment in psychotherapies for managing obesity. Taylor et al. also introduce motivational interviewing (MI) in their research, â€Å"MI is a strategy designed to enhance patients’ motivation for change and adherence to treatment and is fundamentally different from educational approaches† and â€Å"this type of approach may be particularly well suited to weight loss† (Taylor et al., 2012, p.15). In other words, in weight management, this behavior can make obese children follow plans for losing weight effectively, and make them insist on the strict diet component which helps them to lose weight. Therefore, psychotherapies for managing obesity can be successfully applied to solve the problems about childhood obesity, although this kind of treatments is controversial among parents. 3.4 Parent Participation Finally, the benefit of parental participation in childhood weight-loss processes has drawn attention from the whole society. In other words, Parental participation is a useful and effective pattern to solve the issue about childhood obesity. According to Golan et al. (1998), the research shows that â€Å"parental participation did not improve effect found for treating children alone. Although other data suggests that treating parent alone may be more effective for inducing child weight loss.† (as qtd. in Faith et al., 2009, p.295). This demonstrates that it would be better if parents take part in their children weight-loss programs, and they can make weight-loss programs effectively. In addition, parental participation can be better for obese children’s healthful eating. Faith et al. suggest parents that â€Å"[n]ever use food as a reward; establish daily family meal and snack times, offer only healthy food options; he a role model for children; and parents or caregivers should determine what food is offered and when, and the child should decide whether to eat† (Faith et al., 2009, p.295). This clearly shows that parents should focus on increasing praise for children’s healthy diet behaviors and activity choices. They also need to better plan the whole family eating and physical activity programs, and parental modeling. As a result, parental participation in childhood weight-loss programs has a positive effect for obese children losing weight. 4. Conclusion Childhood obesity trends have increased dramatically during the past several years, it is important for people to pay attention to the treatments of childhood obesity. There are four main reasons for childhood obesity: Genetic, physical activity, diet and family factors. These factors make children face problems about childhood obesity, and have negative effects on both childhood life and society. As a result, there are four useful and powerful solutions for children weight-loss programs: (1) Diet modification, such as change unhealthy diet behaviors; (2) Physical activity, which suggests children to do more excises; (3) Psychotherapies for managing obesity, which is a way to use the theory of psychology to cure obese children; (4) Parent Participation, which advising involves patents to take part in children weight-loss programs. Through the whole research, we see that childhood obesity is becoming more and more serious in contemporary society. It is necessary for parents, schools a nd the whole society to pay more attention on obese children’s health. At the same time, they also need to help them to face and solve the problems about childhood obesity. References Au, N. (2012). The health care cost implications of overweight and obesity during childhood. Health Service, 47(2), 655-676. doi: 10.111/j.1475-6773.2011.01326.x Ebbeling, C.B., Pawlak, D.B., Ludwig, D.S. (2002). Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482. Faith, M.S., Kerns J., Diewald, L. (2009). Behavioral treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity. Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment (pp.281-301). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Staniford, L. J., Breckon, J. D., Copeland, R. J. (2012). Treatment of childhood obesity: A systematic review. Journal Of Child And Family Studies, 21(4), 545-564. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9507-7 Taylor, V. H., Stonehocker, B., Steele, M., Sharma, A. M. (2012). An overview of treatment for obesity in a population with mental illness. The Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry / La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 57(1), 13-20. Telford, R. D., Cunningham, R.B., Fitzgerald, R., Olive, L.S., Prosser, L., Jiang, X., Telford, R.M. (2012). Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: A 2-year longitudinal investigation of Australian elementary school children. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(2), 368-374. Yu, Z. B., Han, S. P., Cao, X. G., Guo, X. R. (2010). Intelligence in relation to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 11(9), 656-670. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00656.x

awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short story â€Å"The Awakening† by Kate Chopin the main character Edna commits suicide as a finale escape from the oppression of the Victorian society she lives in. The reader is prepared for this conclusion to the story because the plot line evolves in only one direction, downward. There are also sufficient clues as to the conclusion woven into the experiences Edna faces. Two of these clues lie in the awakening Edna experiences and the rejection she faces because of this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first time the reader gains a glimpse of the horrendous conclusion is when Edna experiences her Awakening in the novella. Edna becomes self-aware of this at the birth of Madame Adà ¨le Ratignolle child. During this scene Edna confesses to the reader that she could never become the mother type. This is in strict contradiction with Victorian societies expectations of a female. Another prime example of Edna’s awakening is the move she undertakes. She is overcome with the feeling that she can no longer stay in a house that her husband paid for and she moves just around the corner. This was simply unheard of in Victorian society and was completely opposite society. Due to this complete and total rejection of the societal norm the reader is able to infer that this story has a twist to it that is abnormal or expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next big clue that the reader receives to the conclusion of this story is the reje...

Just Another Veterans Day Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

Just Another Veteran's Day    My grandmother and I stopped in DC before we met up with my parents to go on a trip. The fact that we were there on Veteran's Day was only a coincidence. True to my historically disinterested generation, the crowds of people as we left the hotel to walk towards the mall perplexed me. Only momentarily, of course; the hundreds of predominantly middle-aged men, defiantly strutting, proudly adorning their wheelchairs and various prosthetics, required little introduction and less explanation. Amidst them I, not yet 15, variably slithered with ignorance, the inexperience of war; and alongside, my Belgian-bred grandmother, veteran to a war these men could not know.    Uncharacteristically, I fell prey to tourist trappings: photographing the Lincoln Memorial, vainly attempting to hunt down and shoot the one angle of the Reflecting Pool that no one, in the history of history, had yet to see. Others swarmed... ...e there than I; their lack of respect condemned them to a hell in which I do not particularly believe. In an attempt to capture what we all saw but were unable to comprehend, they obliterated the very purpose of this apotheosis. These soldiers, soulfully searching the black mirror for a prosthetic for their soul, their sanity; a glimmer of sense in an event that defined madness: they deserved silence, solitude, peace. Instead, capitalism and greed spat in their face.   

Lack of technology at my work

The term technology is a concept that deals with the knowledge and usage of tools and crafts and how its ability to control and adjust to the environment is affected. Technology also refers to material object that are useful to human nature. They include machines, hardware or utensils amongst other things, at times; it encompasses systems, organizational methods, and techniques. The term can also be generally applied or to specifically applied to specific areas: medical technology, computer technology or construction technology. It has made it easy for people to research on the internet both academic and general information. Different people have done researches and are still doing and making it available to the net. This therefore means that for works of any company to improve their performance and compete favorably with others, they need enough equipment in their offices so that they can acquaint themselves with knowledge. Lack of or not enough of these equipments will lead to the incompetence of the workers hence low productivity.   (Borgmann, 2006) Thomas Friedman in his book the world is flat tries to look at technology and its effect on Globalization. To him its technology that has made the world to become a small village. Technology started when man realized the need to make his work easier. In the attempt to make hunting easier, man invented the weapon from the stones; there was also the invention of fire. These discovery helped increase the availability of food and the wheel invention assisted humans in traveling and environmental control. This was due to the need to improve the livelihood of the man. As the time moved by and with the increase of population, there also arose the need for man to supplement his food. He was to move from hunting and gathering and start cultivating some crops. This cultivation was to be done with the aid of tool hence technology. However, the recent development in various fields like printing press internet and telephone have has greatly made it easier to communicate. It has made human beings to interact as they share ideas on a global scale as Friedman puts it. In a local setting, information flow in the country moves very first to the citizens with the help of mass media. People now can access any information via the internet and also through their mobile phones. This is as a result of technology. The convergence of media has done a great improvement and raised the standards of living. Doctor nowadays can monitor the patient from far using different communicative devices connected to the patient. Operation in the theatres by medical doctors is now easily done with the use of computers. (Thomas 2005) Technology however is made to make the work more efficient and time saving. For any substantial development at any industry, technology becomes a major driving issue. This is because the workers need to get the necessary support as they do the work. Having enough computers in the office for instance makes it easy for the worker to perform their duties effectively hence the productivity will go high as everybody will be doing his or her best. Lack of the same hinders some or rather reduces performance as more time will be on none constructive issue as they wait for the few to be shared. However, as we embrace technology, we have to look at both the positive and negative effectives. This is to say that it has had some negative impact to the society and its surroundings in a several ways. In the places where we have industries, there is pollution of the environment hence affecting people’s health. According to the report of June 2000, on the effect of mobile phone, it says that mobile phones are good devices to use but their side effects are immense. For instance, there develops ear cancer if overused and can even cause importance to men when exposed to private parts for a long time because of the radiations they emit. (Borgmann, 2006) Technology also has got negative impact on the social values. It is because is the accessibility  Ã‚   to different cultural orientations across the world. This complexity whereby some are constructive while others are destructive might be harmful especially to young ones. The issue of pornography for instance is now an issue at hand. How can it be stopped, remains the big issue with technology? Is it at the uploading side or at the down loading side? The mode of dressing too is borrowed from the same internet which is a product of technology. Young people tent to borrow some dressing mode that do not conform to the norms and values of the society. This always brings about conflict with parents and other members of the society. In a nutshell, in any growing world, technology and development go hand in hand. It is easy and time saving. Workers therefore should be provided with enough and efficient equipment for them to be able to operate with easy. This will ensure maximum production. However as we embrace this technology, we should very careful with type of equipment that are being bought. Some of them might be outdated and instead of helping, they cause more harm than good. Others might be expansive digging deep into the company’s pocket yet its performance is not felt. (Borgmann, 2006) All in all technology is part and parcel of every day life and can not be avoided but be made available for the people use it   for good not evil.   (Bormann, 2006) Reference Borgmann, A. (2006): Technology as a Cultural Force: For Alena and Griffin; The Canadian Journal of Sociology 31 (3): 351-360. Heinzelin, J. (1999): Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Stiegler, Bernar

Best Informational Writing Tips

Best Informational Writing Tips Informative Writing The aim of an essay is to inform the reader about something. By your writing, you convey some information from you to other people, as a rule, to your professor, colleagues, or classmates. Even if you work on the personal essay, you convey some information which has to be clear and accurate. How to receive the best grades on your informational writing assignment? Following the conventions is your first task, while it shows your respect to your reader. You should adhere to your structure, formatting, and standards. Â  Your title has to tell the reader exactly what your essay is about. Beware that your essay has to stand out from the others! When coming to structure, you have to be especially careful, while you have to adhere to the structure of sentences, the structure of paragraphs, and the structure of the essay itself. Sometimes, when it comes to the thesis, you have to mind off the structure of certain sections. Structure of sentences If you want to let your reader know about something, you have to deliver the information in an explicit and understandable way. Lots of students worry about their style. However, what exactly a writing style is? In fact, it is the way of controlling the description of ideas and information in your writing. Your aim is to make the length of sentences different. Readers get a good impression when they read from two to four short sentences and then a long one. So, try to alternate between your sentences. Think well on the word choices, because your vocabulary has to fit the topic. Avoid repeating or overusing expressions and words. Remember that clarity is your goal. Structure of paragraphs A paragraph is a group of sentences separated from other sentences. All these sentences in a paragraph are about a particular thing, so it is necessary to define the topic sentence of the paragraph. As a rule, it is the first, sometimes the second sentence of your paragraph. The aim of the remaining sentences is to only maintain the topic sentence statement. And the concluding sentence has to lead the reader to the idea of the next paragraph. Structure of the essay As a rule, your essay should have a beginning (introduction), middle (body), and the end (conclusion). In the introduction, you have to tell your reader about what you are going to say, then tell them what you need to tell in your body paragraphs, and the conclusion is to summarize what you have told your readers. The structure is not that complicated. This structure is the best for the reader to make it understandable. Even if your content is qualitative, but the structure is poor, it won’t inform your readers effectively. Some more tips from our experts Now you know that in order to be informative enough, your essay must have a good structure. However, here are some more tips to follow which will help you with tour essay writing. Stay focused Remember that your thoughts have to be logical. Do not go too deep into the history of the subject you are writing about. Yes, the background of your topic might be really informative, however, it doesn’t relate to your topic at all. Always stay focused on your topic, do not deviate from it. Your approach has to be balanced enough if your task is to provide some general information. Objectivity is one of the main things you have to strive for. You have to be neutral, factual, and clear. Stay informative All the information you provide has to be understandable and accessible. So, there has to be a proper and pretty short introduction relating the topic. After that, all the information has to be conveyed in a clear and ordered way and must include only the most important facts, with no deviations. Try to be as tight as possible. Stick to the G.A.P. G.A.P. means Genre, Audience, and Purpose. The Genre is the informational writing you do. Explaining how something works and describing how it works are often different things. So, you should stick to the genre in which you are writing from the very beginning of your essay. Include a lot of facts to your essay instead of opinions and arguments. It is difficult for students to think about the Audience. However, think whether you write for a general audience or just for one instructor. Anyone who reads your essay has to understand it well. The Purpose is also a bit complicated to think of for students. Your purpose, of course, is to get a good grade. However, conveying information to a reader and informing him is your purpose as well. Think of yourself as of an information provider, and then your informative writing will be effective.

Coal tar creosotes products Essays

Coal tar creosotes products Essays Coal tar creosotes products Essay Coal tar creosotes products Essay Coal pitch is among the byproducts when coal is carbonized to do coke or gasified to do coal gas. Coal pitch creosotes are distillation merchandises of coal pitch, while coal pitch pitch is a residue produced during the distillment of coal pitch. Coal pitch pitch volatiles are compounds given off from coal pitch pitch when it is heated. Coal pitch creosotes, coal pitch, coal pitch pitch, and coal pitch pitch volatiles are composed of many single compounds of changing physical and chemical features. In add-on, the composing ofe ach, although referred to by specific name ( e.g. , coal pitch creosote ) is non consistent. For case, the constituents and belongingss of the mixture depend on the temperature of the destructive distillment ( carbonisation ) and on the nature of the carbon-containing stuff used as a feedstock for burning Usually ; coal pitchs are syrupy liquids or semisolids that are black or dark brown with a naphthalene-like olfactory property. Coal pitchs are complex combin ations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , phenols, heterocyclic O, S, and nitrogen compounds. { 1 } Although several hundred chemical compounds have been isolated from coal pitch, a comparatively little figure are present in appreciable sums. These may be grouped as in the tabular array. All the compounds in the tabular array except the monomethylnaphthalenes are of some commercial importance. The byproducts from coal carbonization, particularly coal pitch, have been the chief beginning of chemicals worldwide in the latter half of the nineteenth century. However, during the past four decennaries, crude oil and natural gas have mostly replaced coal as the basic natural stuffs for the production of chemicals. As crude oil and gas militias are worsening quickly, due to their progressively high demand, coal is expected to finally recover its place as a major beginning of chemicals and other non-fuel merchandises in the twenty-first century. Traditionally, Cresylic acids have been obtained from coal pitch. In the United Kingdom, methyl phenols have been conventionally produced from low temperature coal pitchs as a consequence of carbonisation of coal. The chief manufacturer has been Coalite Chemicals. In Germany, Rutgers VFT AG have about perfected coal pitch chemical science and have been bring forthing cresylic acids and 3 5-xylenols for old ages. CdF Chime in France and Nippon Steel chemical co. of Japan has besides been bring forthing some coal tar-based methyl phenols. The most outstanding manufacturer in the field of methyl phenols from coal pitch had been SASOL of South Africa that has been runing coal chemical workss utilizing force per unit area gasification of bitumious coals based on lurgi procedure. In these workss, ab initio phenol and ortho-cresol are separated from the cresylic acid mixture utilizing fractional process, and a mixture rich in methyl phenols ( up to 94 % ) incorporating some xylenols is produced and the merchandise is marketed as assorted methyl phenols ( chiefly para methyl phenol, meta methyl phenol, and little per centum of assorted xylenols and a really small measure of unrecovered phenol ) . Bituminous coal or even lignite pitchs have been used in Germany, Czech Republic, Russia, Ukraine and India for recovery of assorted methyl phenols and xylenols. However, many of these workss, particularly in Germany, are being closed down since coal carbonisation procedures are considered to be harmful to the environment. The Procedure The industry of coke in the byproduct coke ovens normally consequences in the production of 10 to 16 gal of pitch and light oil per ton of coal. ( 1 ) . The petroleum coal pitch is so farther distillated to give 5 % of light oil, 17 % of creosote oil, 17 % of heavy oil and 61 % pitch. Cresols and xylenols recovered from coal pitchs are normally in the signifier of cresylic acid, the cresylic acid is normally approximately 2 to 3 % of the original pitch and it is normally present in the light oil ( up to 200 C ) and the in-between oil ( 200 to 250 ) . The cured cresylic acid typically contains 45 % phenol, 35 % methyl phenols, 15 % xylenols and 5 % other phenolic homologs ( 1 ) Cresols can be obtained by polishing tar acids. These acids consist of the phenolic components present in coal pitch. The byproduct coking of coal outputs an norm of 42 litres of coal pitch. The pitch is distilled ( ! ! ! ) and a fraction known as creosote oil or tar-acid oil is collected. The fraction containing of approximately 17 % is foremost processed to take the naphthalene. The phenols and methyl phenols, nowadays in the pitch to the extent of 0.3 % to 1.1 % , are so removed as follows. The tar-acids, after naphthalene remotion, are charged into a wash armored combat vehicle, where the phenolic organic structures are extracted with Na hydrated oxide solution. Acerb concentrations changing from 8 to 50 % may be utilized, although the higher concentrations are in more general usage. The pitch acids are converted to their several salts, Na phenate and cresylate, which are soluble in the aqueous bed. This bed incorporating the tar-acid salts is allowed to settle in the wash armored combat vehicle and is so discharged from the underside. The nonaqueous ( neutral-oil ) bed is distilled and sent to the pyridine-recovery works ( ! ! ! ) . The Na cresylate from the wash armored combat vehicle is freed of entrained and dissolved oils and the bases by vaporization ( under vacuity ) to controlled concentrations. The concentrated cresylate solution is run from the evaporator into a neutralizer or carbonating armored combat vehicle. Here most of the salts are converted to free pitch acids by intervention with C dioxide. The acids are decanted from the ensuing Na carbonate solution and are so charged into an acidifier. Sulfuric acid, in changing concentrations, is added to finish the procedure of springing the pitch acids. Carbon dioxide intervention can be eliminated by utilizing merely merely sulphuric acid, but this pattern is non common. The released phenols and methyl phenols are separated from aqueous Na sulphate solution in the acidifier by decantation. The top bed, incorporating the phenolic organic structures, is distilled either intermittently or continuously through a fractioning column. Here the H2O is removed an d several fractions such as petroleum phenols methyl phenols and xylenols are taken. The phenol fraction is sent to the phenol-refining works for farther processing. The petroleum methyl phenol cut is farther purified by fractional distillment to give o-cresol and a mixture dwelling of m-and p-cresol. The latter methyl phenols were by and large marketed as a mixture, since their separation is well more hard than the isolation of o-cresol due to the fact that there is a sensible difference in boiling points of o-cresol and other isomers. The two isomers may be refined by the formation of the oxalic-acid add-on merchandise or by the alkylation with an alkene to give compounds that are more readily separated. Hydrolysis and dealkylation, severally, output refined m- and p- methyl phenols. However merely a little fraction of the m-cresol-p-cresol mixture is used to fix the single isomers Until World War 2 about all the cresylic acid was produced from coal pitch by merchandise. The addition in demand during the war led top crude oil refiners to put in installations for recovery the cresylic acid formed in the thermic snap procedures. This was extended to catalytically cracked napthas after the war. These yearss the production of methyl phenols and xylenols are chiefly produced from man-made paths.

Learn the Building Blocks of Chinese Characters

Learn the Building Blocks of Chinese Characters While learning to speak Chinese at a basic level isnt that much harder than learning other languages (its even easier in some areas), learning to write is definitely and without a doubt much more demanding. Learning to Read and Write Chinese Is Not Easy There are many reasons for this. First, its because the link between the written and spoken language is very weak. While in Spanish you can mostly read what you can understand when spoken and you can write what you can say (bar some minor spelling problems), in Chinese the two are more or less separate. Second, the way Chinese characters represent sounds is complicated and requires much more than learning an alphabet. If you know how to say something, writing is not just a matter of checking how its spelled, you have to learn the individual characters, how they are written and how they are combined to form words. To become literate, you need between 2500 and 4500 characters (depending on what you mean by the term literate). You need many times more characters than the number of words. However, the process of learning to read and write can be made a lot simpler than it first seems. Learning 3500 characters is not impossible and with proper reviewing and active usage, you can also avoid mixing them up (this is actually the main challenge for non-beginners). Still, 3500 is a massive number. It would mean almost 10 characters per day for a year. Added to that, you would also need to learn words, which are combinations of characters that sometimes have non-obvious meanings. ...But It Neednt Be Impossible Either Looks difficult, right? Yes, but if you break these 3500 characters down into smaller components, you will find that the number of parts you need to learn is very far from 3500. In fact, with just a few hundred components, you can build most of those 3500 characters. Before we move on, its perhaps worth noting here that we are using the word component very deliberately instead of using the word radical, which is a small subset of components that are used to classify words in dictionaries. The Building Blocks of Chinese Characters So, by learning the components of characters, you create a repository of building blocks that you can then use to understand, learn and remember characters. This is not very efficient in the short term because each time you learn a character, you need to learn not only that character but also the smaller components its made of. However, this investment will be repaid handsomely later. It might not be a good idea to learn all components of all characters directly but focus on the most important ones first. I will introduce some resources to help you both with breaking characters down into their component parts and where you can find more information about which components to learn first. Functional Components Its important to understand that each component has a function in the character; its not there by chance. Sometimes the real reason the character looks like it does is lost in the mists of time, but often its known or even directly apparent from studying the character. At other times, an explanation might present itself that is very convincing, and even though it might not be etymologically correct, it can still help you to learn and remember that character. In general, components are included in characters for two reasons: first because of the way they sound, and second because of what they mean. We call these phonetic or sound components and semantic or meaning components. This is a very useful way of looking at characters that often yields much more interesting and useful results than looking at the traditional explanation of how characters are formed. Its still worthwhile to have that in the back of your mind when learning, but you dont really need to study it in detail. A Writing Example Lets look at a character most students learn early on: Ã¥ ¦Ë†/Ã¥ ª ½ (simplified/traditional), which is pronounced  mÄ  (first tone) and means mother. The left part Ã¥ ¥ ³ means woman and is clearly related to the meaning of the whole character (your mother is presumably a woman). The right part é © ¬/é ¦ ¬ means horse and is clearly not related to the meaning. However, it is pronounced  mÇŽ (third tone), which is very close to the pronunciation of the whole character (only the tone is different).  This is the way most Chinese characters work, albeit not all. The Art of Combining Characters   All this leaves us with hundreds (rather than thousands) of characters to remember. Apart from that, we also have the additional task of combining the components we have learned into compound characters. This is what were going to look at now. Combining characters is actually not that hard, at least not if you use the right method This is because if you know what the components mean, the character composition itself means something to you and that makes it a lot easier to remember. There is a huge difference between learning a random jumble of strokes (very hard) and combining known components (relatively easy). Improve Your Memory Combining things is one of the main areas of memory training and something that people have had the ability to do for thousands of years. There are many, many methods out there that work really well and that teach you how to remember that A, B, and C belong to each other (and in that order, if you like, although this is often not necessary when it comes to Chinese characters, because you quickly get a feel for that and only a very small number of characters can be mixed up by accidentally moving character components around). The main takeaway is that memory is a skill and its something you can train. That naturally includes your ability to learn and remember Chinese characters. Remembering Chinese Characters The best way of combining components is to create a picture or scene that includes all the components in a memorable way. This should be absurd, funny or exaggerated in some way. Exactly what makes you remember something is something you need to figure out by trial and error, but going for the absurd and exaggerated often works well for most people. You can, of course, draw or use real pictures rather than just imaginary ones, but if you do, you need to be really careful that you dont break the structure of the character. Simply put, the pictures you use to learn Chinese characters should preserve the building blocks that that character consists of. The reason for this should be apparent at this point. If you just use a picture that is suitable for that character, but which doesnt preserve the structure of the character, it will only be useful for learning that very character. If you follow the structure of the character, you can use the pictures for the individual components to learn tens or hundreds of other characters. In short, if you use bad pictures, you lose the benefit of those all-important building blocks. Helpful Resources for Learning Chinese Characters Now, lets look at a few resources for learning the building blocks of Chinese characters: Hacking Chinese: Here youll find a list of the 100 most common radicals. We are mostly concerned with components here, not radicals, but it so happens that radicals are often semantic components, so this list is still useful.Hanzicraft: This is an excellent website that allows you to break down Chinese characters into their component parts. Note that the breakdown is purely visual, so it doesnt really care if its historically correct. You can also find phonetic information here, which is again based only on mechanical comparison of the pronunciation of the components and the full character (its not historically correct either, in other words). Also on the plus side, this site is fast and easy to use.Zdic.net: This is an online, free dictionary that offers decent information about the structure of a character that is also more in line with what we know about the development of a specific character (its manual, not automatic).ArchChinese: This is another online dictionary that gives yo u the ability to both breakdown characters and see the components in context (with frequency information, which is quite rare in other dictionaries). Semantic component posters from Outlier Linguistics: These posters show 100 semantic components and apart from being very informative, they also look great on your wall. They come with information on how to utilize them and accurate descriptions (manually made by people who know a lot about Chinese characters). That should be enough to get you started. There will still be cases you cant find or that dont make sense to you. if you encounter these, you can try a number of different methods, such as creating a picture specifically for that character or making up the meaning on your own - this is easier than trying to remember meaningless strokes.

Sentencing rationales Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sentencing rationales - Term Paper Example An offender violates his obligation to society to obey societal norms, and this justifies the deprivation of the offenders civil rights. This deprivation is aimed at denying the offender the opportunity to obtain any further unfair advantage and disadvantage the law abiding members of the society. Punishment is also necessary because all members of a society receive benefits as long as they agree to live within the law. Offenders impose on other members of the society and cause them a disadvantage. This disadvantage is an extras benefit that is not available to the law-abiding members. Sentencing is, therefore, intended to offset this unfair advantage obtained and restore the society to its equilibrium (Hofer and Mark 19). Literature research When sentencing it is imperative that the punishment must be proportionate to the disadvantage caused in order to correctly regain equilibrium. Although punishment can be justifiable, the justifications of sentencing do not provide a clear guide line on the appropriate punishment for particular cases. The justifications do not set out the rights that an offender should forfeit for violating certain norms and what punishment will eliminate the unfair advantage caused by the offense. If punishment is to restore the equilibrium disturbed, then it is imperative that the punishment must be proportionate to the offense. Therefore, the guiding principle in determining the severity of the punishment must be in proportion to the seriousness of the crime. This then implies a hierarchy of sentences and offences and sets the principle that similar offenses must attract similar sentences. This view applies concepts of common-sense and equity which dictate that serious crimes must attract more severe sentences than less serious offenses (Henham 69). The retributivists approach to the concept of punishment argues that punishment is and must be justifiable for its purposes while the utilitarians, assert that punishment is and can be justif iable for some ulterior consequence or benefit, for example, social good. Retributivism approach can be either positive or negative. Positive retributivism believes that sentencing is a sufficient and necessary precondition while the negative retributivism regards punishment as a necessary precondition. Utilitarians, on the other hand, have several varieties. There are different theories on how crime should be prevented. Rehabilitation checks crime by treating the offender of the abnormal criminal tendency for the sake of both the offender and that of the society (Henham 770). Incapacitating the offender prevents the offender from committing the offense by making it impossible for the offender to act on his or her tendencies. This perspective requires the law to intervene immediately an individual poses a threat to the society to an extent requiring sanctions to prevent the offender from accruing unfair advantage. This approach supports intervention even before the commission of an offense, and punishes attempts that might not have succeeded. It is also noteworthy that the incapacitation will perceive no rational to punish fruitless attempts any less severely than successful ones. This position assumes that the degree at which offenders fail to consummate offenses implies that these offenders are less dangerous but these individuals have manifested criminal tendencies

Direct and Relationship Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct and Relationship Marketing - Case Study Example In the light of the preceding nuances this report presents an explanation and exploration of the principles and application of relationship marketing and retention planning in relation to the case scenario presented on the Dwyers Bathrooms Company. The relationship marketing model holds that service providers can capitalise on offering a broad ranging list of services and products. The model can be well applied when there are alternatives for clients to choose from. Dwyers Bathrooms have created a feasible range of services and products that provide a working foundation for the more intensive implementation and enhancements of the relationship marketing stratagem. Upon providing the core services comprising the supplying and installing of mid-range bathroom suites, Dwyers have also developed a new make-over service which focuses on repairs on bathroom fixtures, tiles, seals and grouting. Dwyers can cash in on this development by enlightening their clients on the new services and products that they are now offering. The application of relationship marketing in various services and product provision domains has been characterised by the development and use of various customer relationship management schemes that allow the observation and assessment of each customer's preferences and dislikes. Dwyers still has a long way to go in tapping the merits of this relationship marketing dynamics. The only element of this kind that Dwyers have implemented has been the customer satisfaction surveys carried out after an installation. The company has to develop and broaden the satisfaction assessment scope of the satisfaction assessment instrument. Also the company has to find means of soliciting information from clients their specific needs that Dwyers can supply upon the range of the products and services they are already offering. The company may consider applying a company tracking service schedules and contacting customers directly on product or service recalls. Dwyers has also not tapped the merits of the other effective element of relationship marketing, personalized marketing. In personalized marketing the main preference is given to the customer. This dimension entails building customer shopping or service purchasing profiles. Information obtained and compiled on customer shopping trends preferences and dislikes, etc, is used to compute and deduce the likelihood of the customer interest and/or preferences in other product/service categories. The likely preferences are conveyed to the clients through various communication channels that a company has in lace for contacting its clients. Although this is typically an internet tailored relationship marketing model, Dwyers is well suited to customize this model and cash in on the huge customer listings they already have. Dwyers must adopt means of conveying computed likely customer references through a way of making recommendations to the clients in via customers email listings, mail postages and any feasible communicative avenues that the company may devise. "Personalized market

Engineering Ethics Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engineering Ethics Case Studies - Essay Example Firstly, considering one of the codes of ethics indicated, if I am an engineer on a private practice, I may help the other engineer in interpreting the said project but I will not give false views and corrections as a form of injuring the reputation of the more experienced engineer. Moreover, even though I found some technical mistakes and found out that the project did not compensate the price being paid by the companies, I will remain neutral on the issue and will never attempt to make known my findings. However, if both of us or the three of us work for the government, as provided under the codes of ethics, if required, I will help in the interpretation and review of the project but there should be no statements that will damage my colleague’s reputation. In addition, I will not attempt to scrutinize the project of another engineer to gain confidence or a sense of superiority, instead, I would tell the young engineer to make some valid suggestions and forward it to the othe r engineer. 2. As a professional engineer, it is my responsibility to deliver correct, accurate and credible study on a certain material that will be produced by a certain company either for public information or consumption. If for instance, I would predict that there is something hazy or unclear and needs to be resolved, I would have to inform the companies or authorities concerned. First, I will make a presentation or I will explain to the company my findings about the potential problems or the questions underlying the said study. Since I have found out that there is still a need to undergo another deeper investigation, I will inform them about the problem and how this can be solved. I will make a proposal stating the need for an additional fund that includes the reason, the benefits and the necessary inputs needed for the resolution. This may show rundown of numbers to clearly explain to them where the money is to be used. As a professional engineer, it is my utmost responsibility to ensure safety and quality of life. Since I have found out something that I believed to be a potential threat for quality, then the best way to address this is to inform the authorities about your findings and present to them your solutions for these problems. 3. This particular case has a lot of concern. First, there is a manifestation of a risk for safety. Second, there is a potential conflict of interest in view of the fact that a certain component for the project has been seen to be not savvy enough and might cause the public safety. Consider this, â€Å"Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public†. In view of this fact, it is the responsibility of the engineer to ensure that the project will be safety for public use and consumption. However, since there was a malicious thing revolving, and consider that â€Å"If engineers' judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate.†. Considering this, first I will present to the authorities the study that I have found out especially those findings concerning the safety and the durability of the materials being used. I will not disregard the issue; instead, firstly, I will talk to the project manager and inform him that there is a possibility of malfunction that might occur considering that there were some technical issues discovered like the computer controller card that does not allow software to procure certain features. Similarly, I will talk to the customer so that they will also know why the project will take more time and why there is a need for additional funds. 4. This case has something to do with prestige and money. The concerns are first, the company ABC has taken advantage of an engineering service to develop a next-generation product that will revolutionize the industry. ABS took

Crime Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime Scene - Essay Example While using blood to serve as evidence for the crime, the crime scene investigator (CSI) can use a scalpel, smear slides, scissors, tweezers, ultra violet light, sterile square cloths, luminol, and protective eyewear. It is also ideal to gather samples from suspected individuals or a living victim to facilitate in the comparison process. Since the victim is dead, it is the role of the CSI to ensure he uses either sterile square cloth, or small quantities of distilled water to facilitate in removing the blood from the victim’s body. The same process can be used in collecting blood from any other place that has blood contact. The blood gathered may be from a different person, where the laboratory performs a DNA analysis to compare with the blood gathered from the suspect. It would also be ideal if the CSI scrapes the nails of the victim because in case of a struggle, then the skin of the suspect, which would reflect his DNA, would be under the nails of the victim. This process would facilitate in gathering blood evidence concerning a crime scene and the potential suspect to the shooting incident. I am a crime scene investigator with more than 10 years’ experience in the undertaking investigations on various types of crimes. As a professional in this position, I have processed a variety of crime scenes, including outdoor crime scenes, indoor crime scenes, and conveyance crime scenes (such as vehicle burglary, carjacking, grand theft, homicide, and sexual battery). With this experience, I believe that the investigation I carried out pertaining to the crime is sufficient in giving testimony to this case that the offender was involve in the crime. ` To be a qualified crime scene investigator, I have undergone rigorous training in diverse fields. I have been subjected to demanding training, which has allowed me to portray moral character, good repute, high integrity, and

Enterpuener company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enterpuener company - Essay Example This is one of the rare companies, which have had the courage to explore the virgin territory of natural gas in the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Barett decided to meet me in an old coffee shop at the corner of the road and allotted me an hour to complete my task. 2) The company operates in the Rocky Mountains, one of the most endowed places in the U.S., which abounds in natural gas. The company did not restrict itself only in the field of natural gas and has ventured into refining oil too. Two reasons had resulted in success of the company: Firstly, strategic location of the points, where it had set up its drilling inventory, has been propelling growth. The company strongly believes that these points have huge reserves and will result in generation of revenues. Bill Barrett Corporation has spread its operation over five major basins of Rocky and Mr. Barrett proudly informs that the company has proved its mettle and emerged as a dominant player in most areas it operates in and is also the largest, in terms of coverage area, he added. The company is particularly interesting because it maintains a strong balance between developmental and exploration projects. 3) Mr. Barrett informed that when the company was first set up, the main objective of was to establish it as an exploration company in a true sense, so as to tap natural resources of the Rocky and emerge as one of the dominant players among the Rockies E&P company. After more than ten years of operation, the company has gone from strength to strength to establish itself as one of the most significant players in its genre. The claims made by Mr. Barett are backed by the current evidences, like, proved reserves of 197 MMBoe, including 88% growths in proved reserves at three active oil programs. The financial performance of the company is quite robust as the figures indicate. For instance, total debt of the company has reduced by $189 million from 2012, in 2013

Crime Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime Scene - Essay Example While using blood to serve as evidence for the crime, the crime scene investigator (CSI) can use a scalpel, smear slides, scissors, tweezers, ultra violet light, sterile square cloths, luminol, and protective eyewear. It is also ideal to gather samples from suspected individuals or a living victim to facilitate in the comparison process. Since the victim is dead, it is the role of the CSI to ensure he uses either sterile square cloth, or small quantities of distilled water to facilitate in removing the blood from the victim’s body. The same process can be used in collecting blood from any other place that has blood contact. The blood gathered may be from a different person, where the laboratory performs a DNA analysis to compare with the blood gathered from the suspect. It would also be ideal if the CSI scrapes the nails of the victim because in case of a struggle, then the skin of the suspect, which would reflect his DNA, would be under the nails of the victim. This process would facilitate in gathering blood evidence concerning a crime scene and the potential suspect to the shooting incident. I am a crime scene investigator with more than 10 years’ experience in the undertaking investigations on various types of crimes. As a professional in this position, I have processed a variety of crime scenes, including outdoor crime scenes, indoor crime scenes, and conveyance crime scenes (such as vehicle burglary, carjacking, grand theft, homicide, and sexual battery). With this experience, I believe that the investigation I carried out pertaining to the crime is sufficient in giving testimony to this case that the offender was involve in the crime. ` To be a qualified crime scene investigator, I have undergone rigorous training in diverse fields. I have been subjected to demanding training, which has allowed me to portray moral character, good repute, high integrity, and

Identify and Discuss Classical Theories about The United Nations Assignment

Identify and Discuss Classical Theories about The United Nations Environment Programme - Assignment Example In management of UNEP, managers of the organization do not use coercion to guarantee compliance of its workers. However, its managers exercise power over their subordinates to assure the employee’s compliance with organizational directives (Weber, 1958). In UNEP, bureaucracy exists in the sense that it represents the highest stage of rational development in its administrative system. The organization has delegated duties from the managing director, deputy-managing director to the organization’s employees each with defined duties and responsibilities. For instance, there are fixed official duties at UNEP to ensure that officials have clearly defined duties and are delegated powers or authority to make significant organizational decisions within their sphere of specialization or competence. Further, there is hierarchy of authority at UNEP in that positions are arranged hierarchally in accordance with the level of authority. Management at UNEP represents an ideal administrative form that is based on technical expertise and in accordance with the laid down rules and regulations. Weber’s bureaucratic aspects of an organization evident in the UNEP management is that its managers have charismatic type of authority and it is comprised of a team of technical expertise who are selected and promoted based on their competence to do specific and specialized tasks (Weber, 1958). The classical school of management began in the year 1900 during the industrial revolution. This time, the factory system started to realize new problems in their operation. Scientific management theory proposed by Fredrick Taylor sought to bring every aspect of industrial production and task performance on an efficient and rational basis (Taylor, 2011). The theory was based on the view that organizational performance is improved by systemizing work performance and industrial operation, offering economic incentives to induce superior performance and standardizing tasks. Scientific theory

Create atmosphere Essay Example for Free

Create atmosphere Essay Media Studies Assignment: In Extract from Die Another Day analyse the way in which director Lee Tamaton has used the following to create atmosphere The scene that I will be analysing is the Ice Chase scene in which Zao the villain is chasing James Bond on the ice lake- as his aim is to rescue his lover played by Halle Berry which Zao is trying to prevent. The audience is taken in the scene with an opening aerial shot of Bond in the Aston and Zao in the Jaguar as they are on the chase. With the use of non-diegetic sound of fast car music and diegetic sound of car screeching that the director implements reflects the rush and anxiety of both rivals on the chase to kill. The director cuts from long sweeping aerial shots to medium shots which is used to emphasize on the car movements following into close up shots of both characters. This is used so the audience can see the expressions of both characters where James has a straight face which emphasises on his intelligence, confidence and collective attitude towards his fast movements whereas we see a contrast of Zaos disfurged expressions which portray a evil and reactive ability of his nature to kill this adds tension towards the sequence of adventure displayed leaving the audience in suspense of what to expect from the two challenging opponents. As the audience is exposed with cuts of medium between long and close-up shots help to give the sequence balance keeping the audience focused on the main characters and excited until they are at the edge of their seats. As music gets faster and louder the acceleration of the car then slows down this crescendo is emphasised so that the audience focuses on the actions of bond and Zao in the car. Therefore this relates to their techniques of immediacy needed where the use of tracking shots are employed so the audience can see both characters taking advantage of firing missals, rockets and gunshots at each other continuously engineered by their cars. Their high powered gadget packed sports cars relates to the familiar trademark used in bond films. The cross cutting of the three stories where Halle is trying to escape inside of the ice mountain and the other scene from space creates suspense. These different editing speeds of fast motion and then the slow down of motion in between the different shots draws attention to the audience the main features of action which is the ice chase scene. At the part where Bonds car is upside down Zao locks onto fire a heat seeker with the use of computer system Bond presses his ejected seat where the audience see the pivoting of the car upwards in seconds just before the rocket whizzes by this illustrates to the audience that bond is a precise professional alert man and this is a moment where the natural trait of perfection of Bond is demonstrated. This part of the scene brings the audience to a calm feeling after the climax has been minimised by Bonds careful reactions. The directors use of stunts from the heat sensors, computer time bombs and missals are conventions expected in Bond films as this leads to dramatic climax of action and leaves the audience burning with excitement of what it going to happen next and gives more realism to the culture of the scene. The diegetic sound of these properties adds realism and an exciting atmosphere within the scene as the tracking shot employs the captive fast action of these elements. As James is in his car the denotation of his dress code which is black suit and sleek hair connotes to the audience his natural charisma and precise movements against his rival. This is another convention of Bonds styles in his films. Whereas the villain is dressed sporty and this signifies a thugged out style and a man who spontaneously thinks who is fast and dangerous but cannot outsmart Bond. Natural light is used to portray the cold, edgy atmosphere surrounded by ice elements of rocks and the lake; this creates an unbalanced atmosphere of a calm bright vista which is irony to the action portrayed in the scene. The use of back projection of ice rocks adds realism of natural tranquillity and isolates the two characters within the scene Computer generated images are used as the audience is shown a cut in space where the light from satellite reflects directly on the outer edges of the ice palate. The director uses this method to create a pattern of expectations throughout the film and leaves the audience in tension of dangerous consequences that could occur from this. The director portrays a long shot at the ending of the sequence, where the audience visualise Bond in the Aston speeding with Zao in the Jaguar following him. This is portrayed so that the audience capture the speed and density of driving on the blue colouring spread on the ice lake to give a glossy real effect where the shot also adds distance and a cold wiery atmosphere that Bond escapes from in which the scene ends. My conclusion of Tamatons use of spectacular physical action in the Ice chase scene of explosions, chases and battles adds to the narrative of the story and the deployment of state-of -art special effects to emphasis in performance on athletic feats and stunts. This has been a conventional trend from the 1980s and a dominant trend in the 1990. Therefore these natural conventions in the scene that Tamaton has used create the expected atmosphere of unprediction and tension that builds up playing on these important elements. This is why the Ice lake scene has given a cold exciting thrilling atmosphere and exhilaration to the audiences expectations from the beginning and the ending of the scene.

The Use Of Market Research Marketing Essay

The Use Of Market Research Marketing Essay Introduction The use of market research is essential to marketers as it is a descriptive and diagnostic tool that allows marketers to understand the complexities of the market. It forms a very important component of market strategy and solving specific market problems. The use of both quantitative and qualitative research methods results in decisions that can take the form of marketing plans and strategies. These results ultimately influence the outcomes of strategic marketing decisions and outcomes that match the marketing goals. The application of these two research methods have different uses as quantitative research methods focuses on statistical data and in which surveys and questionnaires are commonly used. Qualitative research methods focus on the reasons behind behaviours such as why and look to target the attitudes and emotions behind the behaviours that quantitative research often shows ,with focus groups and interviews often being used. The results from these methods are often linked t o the practical use of research methods as results can vary depending on the size, quality, type of method and the skill of the practitioner. The roles of these two research methods and their practical application in finding valid results in market research will be supported below through journal articles and references, which will further show the importance that the effective use of market research methods in various situations is essential in finding valid results that are fundamentally important to marketers today. Overview of research methods and their uses Traditional methods of market research often focused on quantitative results and practices, which although were adequate in finding valid research results, could not adapt well to the changing market and business environments during the 1950s and 60s and in turbulent market situations at the time. It was clear that research methods needed to be improved and as noted in Wilson (1952), The application of qualitative methods would allow a more informed opinion to be gathered on the market, which would be well suited to the changing market situations at the time. Despite the value that qualitative research can bring, there is still a general trend in the dominance of Quantitative methods used by marketers and even in academia where qualitative methods are seen by some with ambivalence and a field with which successful people do not want to be associated with. Ruyter Scholl (1998). Due to this prevailing dominance among marketers, most market research carried out by contemporary organisa tions usually is a triangulation or combination of primarily quantitative techniques with some secondary qualitative methods to complement the research results. Ruyter Scholl (1998). Qualitative methods are best used when conducting exploratory research, when businesses need to understand the behaviour of consumers and formulate ideas and theories as to why consumers think in particular ways. To substantiate qualitative results, Quantitative techniques are used to provide hard evidence behind these ideas and theories and to represent numerically and statistically the resulting research outcomes. Not all marketers however triangulate these techniques and most will only use a methodology which is most appropriate in solving the research problem. Effectiveness in finding valid research results While both these methods have uses in finding valid research results, the variation in defining the research problems throughout various organisations means that the most appropriate methodology and research design should be used to ensure valid results , rather than results that would lack meaning through a bias in using a particular research method. As pointed out in Seymour (1989) , research techniques and their thoughtful application can be the vehicle by which we progress to wisdom. That is, the real worth of a technique is embedded in its ability to produce useful information (i.e., wisdom) in response to a specific problem. Seymour (1989). To ensure that results from market research is valid , a triangulation of methods and techniques should be considered and applied to the research of relevant markets and situations which would ensure results that are both valid, and paint a clear picture of the market environment. This triangulation of methods successful use in finding valid results is seen in Kitchell (1995) where the study conducted attempted to find the links between the importance of a strong corporate culture and the adoption of new technology in conjunction with the issues faced with maintaining a competitive position. This was undertaken with both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Both methods results were broadly consistent with each other in finding that fostering a stronger corporate culture allowed a more stable innovation and technology adoption which led to long term survival and adaption in market environments. This study has shown insights into how both qualitative and quantitative data can mutually enrich each other in market research as this triangulation of methods allowed valid research outcomes that would not have been seen if only one research method was primarily utilized. The results seen in this study correlate with those undertaken by Deshpande (1983) which explains that more valid results can be seen in market research with a combination of aspects between quantitative and qualitative methodologies. While using a triangulation of methods, the weaknesses and strengths of each technique would be compensated by the strengths of the other method. Deshpande (1983). Although using a triangulation of methods can typically produce valid and meaningful research results, extensive use of these techniques can be limited to firms with considerable budgets than most. To ensure effective results, defining the research problem and identifying the circumstances to which further research is needed is just as important as choosing the most effective methods suited towards the market environment. Outlined in Goodman (1995), the use of Qualitative techniques can be well suited to theory construction and exploratory market research, which can be seen in his subsequent study of small businesses in a changing market environment. In a study of three small businesses facing changing market conditions and extreme price erosion, qualitative research techniques were largely employed to determine achievable market strategies. It found that the exploratory nature of their research conducted through focus groups and depth interviews, allowed them to anticipate changes in customer-value perceptions and benchmark themselves against competitors. This successful use of qualitative techniques in this study shows that this methodological approach was particularly well suited towards finding and generating theories in a changing market environment, which was noted above in early qualitative research literature in Wilson (1952). In finding valid results through various methods, it is clear that marketers must not confine themselves through techniques that are only partially appropriate in solving the research problem. The studies noted above successfully found valid results as a result of their methodologies being used effectively due to the nature of the research problem and their applicability in these situations. However as noted in Cahill (1996) , both qualitative and quantitative methods do not have universal applicability and as such, either method might not be suitable for a variety of situations. This means that marketers who entirely use methods of theory verification (quantitative methods) almost exclusively in situations where theory discovery (qualitative methods) was more appropriate, Deshpande(1983), are limiting the validity and reliability of their results by not applying the most appropriate method in solving the research problem .An effective use of market research techniques would be by triangulating aspects of research methodologies and also the choice of a specific technique on whether a quantitative or qualitative method should be decided by the nature of the management and research problems. Seymour (1989).This would eventuate in valid and meaningful results that serve to help the marketer understand the needs of the consumer and market. Limitations of Research methods While both quantitative and qualitative methods have their established uses among marketers, the limitations of each method in finding valid results can be reflected in the essence of these methods. As the quantitative paradigm is firmly placed within the scientific model, the resulting research outcomes are limited to numerical data that can be quantified and summarized into objective hard data. Results gathered by this particular method emphasise reliability and validity, which makes this a dominant method that marketers commonly use throughout the research process. Because of these factors that make up the essence of quantitative research, the use of this method in finding valid research results is limited to validating established theories and the relationships between variables, but also can substantiate qualitative results through a triangulated methodology. Results accumulated from quantitative research are not suited towards theory generation and gaining insight and as such, marketers solely employing this method will miss out on the value that qualitative methods can bring. However, when involved in research that does not need as much insights or deeper data into defining the research problem, quantitative methods can be effective in analysing large amounts of data as outlined in Montgomery (2001). A successful application of quantitative methods was seen when solving internet marketing problems outlined in this study; however the skill of the practitioner in conducting the research was commonly cited as the factor that allowed valid research outcomes. While this study demonstrated a successful primary use of quantitative methods, the limitations of using qualitative methods in defining the same research problem would not be practical as analysing large swathes of data is not an effective use of qualitative methods. This contrast between both quantitative and qualitative methods, reflect the limitations of solely using one of these methods as the natur e of the results produced from each will be fundamentally different. As discussed in Johansson Nonaka(1987), many Japanese market researchers during the 1980s much preferred research that was hands-on and interactive with consumers , and favoured qualitative data which allowed them to gain a distinctive feel for the market. While these qualitative methods lacked the scientific precision of quantitative methods, Japanese firms still had an unequivocal advantage over western based firms as their exclusively qualitative and hands-on methods allowed them to understand consumer behaviour to the point where they were outstripping rival western based firms. However like most western firms looking to increasingly adopt qualitative methods into their research, the Japanese firms are realising that in order to diversify their product ranges in the market they will need to use quantitative methods to ensure entries into newer markets. Johansson Nonaka (1987). This focus on one methodological approach by the Japanese firms, coupled with their extreme focus on their existing products, can represent limitations into finding valid results as their narrow approach would disallow much confirming or validation of theories attained from their qualitative research, especially when entering new markets. Despite these limitations, it can be argued that the Japanese approach to market research allowed them to understand consumer behaviour in such a way that they were able to achieve valid research results even more reliable than western based quantitative methodologies. The limitations of both methods in finding valid results for marketers, has clearly shown that to overcome the relative weaknesses inherent in each method, an effective use of triangulated research methodologies is essential to finding valid research results. Conclusions As evidenced above, valid results in marketing are commonly seen with a triangulation of methodologies and techniques which pertain to the nature of the research problem. The limitations of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be compensated by using a triangulated research process, in which the weakness that is evident in each method will be overcome by the strengths of a triangulated methodology. However, marketers dominant use of quantitative methods in their research to which can be only partially appropriate in solving a research problem, serve to limit the reliability for research results that could otherwise be improved through a triangulated methodology. Likewise, it can be said that the dominant use of qualitative methods by Japanese firms could be further enhanced by the integration of quantitative methods into their research which serves to ease the entry into newer markets. The market environment and the nature of the research problem can also affect resear ch outcomes as the method employed can only be somewhat applicable to the nature of the research problem, in which inadequate results may be seen. Furthermore, it is evident that to ensure valid results in market research, it is recommended that a triangulation of methods be used in the most applicable nature of the research problem and environment.

NJROTC purpose :: essays research papers

The NJROTC, or Naval Junior Recruit Officer Training Corpse, is built not only to teach high school students about the navy but also allows student to become our great leaders of the future. In NJROTC cadets are asked to live up to very high standards because those students in NJROTC are thought of as the best of the best and are at that school to represent the military way of life. In this program I have learned three traits that will help me better myself not only in the future but in the day I live today. These traits that I speak of are discipline, punctuality, and respect. If not for NJROTC I would have not been as great a person and would have little or no direction in my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important things that most cadets learn in NJROTC is to be well disciplined. Without the discipline instilled in every cadet, there would be total chaos and anarchy. Discipline helps us to march, to be able to sit down and do our homework when it needs to be done, and to keep our mouths shut when someone else has the floor. Because of the two years that I have completed of NJROTC, I have developed discipline because the instructors and the other cadets have pounded it into my brain like a square block going into a round hole, but this time it got through. In the future I will need discipline to not only get a job but also keep it. If, in the future, I do not have the discipline to stay with a single job, my life will never amount to anything. Even though discipline is a large subject, the first thing about being disciplined is being punctual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Punctuality is another thing that I have learned in NJROTC, but with much hard work did I learn this. We all know that we slip up sometimes and slag around from class to class. Because of this we make ourselves late sometimes, and no one wants to get a tardy, so our instructors offer a healthy alternative. If you are late to class then you have the option of doing push-ups or getting a tardy, now witch would you rather do? Not only does this punishment instill punctuality, but if you are hard headed you can build up incredible upper body strength. Being punctual to a job will allow me to keep it and also impress my bosses.

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone :: essays research papers fc

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification, an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct information about the presence or absence of key functional groups. â€Å"The region of the infrared spectrum which is of greatest interest to organic chemists is the wavelength range 2.5 to 15 micrometers which correspond to approximately 4000 to 600cm-1†(Young). â€Å"When atoms or molecules absorb light, the incoming energy excites a quantized structure to a higher energy level. The type of excitation depends on the wavelength of the light. Electrons are promoted to higher orbirtals by ultraviolet or visible light, vibrations are excited by infrared light, and rotations are excited by microwaves† (Tissue).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IR spectroscopy is the measurement of the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of infrared light by a sample. The wavelength of IR absorption bands are characteristic of specific types of chemical bonds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An IR spectrophotometer is an instrument which is designed to obtain an infrared spectra of a molecule. An IR spectra is obtained by first irradiating a sample with an IR source of light. The light passes through the sample, which can be in solution or contained within a salt plate, and then onto an IR light detector. The spectrum is analyzed by examining at which frequency the peaks occur. Different peak frequencies indicate different types of vibrational motion and hence, different types of chemical bonds. The peak intensities are usually noted as percent transmittance which compares the amount of light absorbed compared to the amount of IR light that was not absorbed. The frequencies are normally listed in wave numbers (in units of reciprocal centimeters). Experiment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The oxidation of cyclohexanol by dichromate occurred in the presence of sulfuric acid which yielded cyclohexanone according to the balanced redox reaction below: 3 + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- 3 + 2Cr+3 + 7H2O In the presence of excess dichromate, cyclohexanol oxidizes to adipic acid. To maximize yield, the following reaction was prevented: 3 + 4Cr2O7-2 + 32H+ -- 3HOOC(CH2)4COOH + 8Cr+3 + 19H2O The addition of methanol reduced the excess dichromate according to the balanced redox reaction below: CH3OH + Cr2O7-2 + 8H+ -- CO2 + 2Cr+3 + 6H2O Recovery of the ketone was by steam distillation; collecting all

Is Banning School Soda Machines A Good Idea

Is banning school soda machines a good idea? It's not the government's Job to make decisions about what we drink and where we drink it. That's why I think it's a bad idea to ban soda machines from schools. Taking away soda machines will take away the students ability to learn how to make healthier decisions for themselves. If they don't learn how to make healthy choices as a kid, they won't be able to make those good choices as an adult.The New York Times states that anyone who has tried to lose weight is likely to tell you that going â€Å"cold turkey' and avoiding tempting foods and drinks is setting ourselves up for failure, and that is exactly what banning particular foods and drinks will do. Removing unhealthy choices is setting you up for failure, and it's not a way to teach students on how to make healthy choices. Keeping soda machines in schools will allow students to ask themselves, â€Å"Is this a good choicer, â€Å"Is this healthy? Soda machines in schools will teach t hemselves on how to make good and healthy choices. Although soda is high in calories and sugars, there Is no evidence that it Is the direct cause of obesity. If schools carry only diet and zero calorie sodas such as diet eke and coke zero, the students would be drinking calorie free sodas with less sugar. That would allow the schools to still make profit and the students to get a healthier version of their favorite sodas.Another more beneficial way to decrease childhood obesity Is by dally exercise. This way your lungs and heart will get In better shape, while you are losing weight. Nobody wants to set kids and students up for failure. Banning soda machines In schools will set them up for that failure. That's why I believe that schools shouldn't ban their soda machines from students. Source The New York Times Upfront. † The New York Times Upfront I The News Magazine for High School. N. P. , n. D. Web. 4 Novo. 2012. Is Banning School Soda Machines A Good Idea By crimsoning will allow students to ask themselves, â€Å"Is this a good choice? â€Å", â€Å"Is this healthy? † Soda Although soda is high in calories and sugars, there is no evidence that it is the Another more beneficial way to decrease childhood obesity is by daily exercise. This way your lungs and heart will get in better shape, while you are losing weight. Nobody wants to set kids and students up for failure.

Bowl Championship Series

The controversy surrounding the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) in college football has many competing factions. There are those who believe that BCS’ computerized ranking system offers the most objective option based on the available statistics for each team. Opponents to the BCS argue that the computer’s system unfairly weighs certain factors in determining the rankings. No matter where you stand, arguments for any side of the case can be convincingly made.With this research, my goal will be to show how despite the controversy of the ranking system, it appears that the main purpose of the BCS system is to make as much money as possible through the televising and sponsorship of the bowl games themselves which create millions of dollars through advertising revenue. According to their own website, the BCS â€Å"†¦is designed to match the two top-rated teams in a national championship game and to create exciting and competitive matchups between eight other highly reg arded teams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The BCS).The key words here are, in my opinion, ‘exciting’ and ‘highly regarded’. In other words, the BCS wants teams that translate well to the television due to their popularity and due to the likelihood of creating a high-profile match-up that will draw in millions of viewers as opposed to determining the football programs that deserve to be there based on their play throughout the season. This is understandable from a business point of view, but troubling on the other hand for two major reasons considering the staggering financial numbers.With their new four-year deal with Fox, the BCS is going to rake in $132 million dollars a year to broadcast the four BCS games, or in other words, $33 million a game (Ourand). The first reason is because these are student-athletes that do not reap the financial rewards that the sponsors and colleges are receiving from their labor. Surely these student-athletes do get special treatment and mo st of them are on scholarship trying to make it into professional football and the increased media exposure can up their stock, but these benefits pale in comparison to the financial windfalls reaped by the colleges and sponsors.The second problem is that this system creates a cycle where high-profile football conferences maintain their dominance due to the disproportionate amount of money they receive from profiting from the BCS system, which in turn offers these conferences more money to pour into scholarships to attract the best athletes (who have seen these teams on TV and know and want to then play for them), more money to spend on better facilities and training programs, and more money to secure additional television broadcasting rights.According to ESPN’s college football expert Gregg Easterbrook, every team in the six ‘football factory’ conferences stands to make $1. 5 million dollars from their BCS television profit sharing strategy. Meanwhile teams from the mid-major conferences will only bring in $200,000 if they are fortunate enough to even have a team earn their way into the BCS (Eastbrook).BCS proponents cite these figures to strengthen their argument by saying that the profit-sharing strategy effectively ‘lifts all boats’ when in reality the ‘exciting’ and ‘highly regarded’ programs and the BCS sponsors profit disproportionately at the cost of creating a structure that truly has the student-athlete’s well-being in mind along with actually determining the best team in the land. Works Cited Eastbrook, Gregg.â€Å"The BCS doesn’t always give us a clear national champ†¦and that’s OK. † ESPN. 4 December 2007. http://sports. espn. go. com/espn/page2/story? page. â€Å"The BCS is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bowl Championship Series in association with Fox Sports. 15 August 2007. http://www. bcsfootball. org/bcsfb/definition. Ourand, John and Michael Smith. â€Å"BCS seeks b ig bump from Fox. † Sports Business Journal. 3 November 2008. http://www. sportsbusinessjournal. com/article/60463.

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 9

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example The phrase, â€Å"a piece of cake† does not literally mean a task that can be easily completed. As an idiom, however, that is what it means. The image that the idiom conjures up has a lot to do with the meaning that it is given (Amphiboly, n.d.). An amphiboly refers to an ambiguity that is created as a result of the grammatical structure of that sentence. This may be the result of the different meanings that may result from the positioning of marks of punctuation. An analogy refers to a device of figurative language whereby meaning is transferred to make something clear. A certain process or thing is talked of in terms of another to make others understand its essence. One may take the example of the analogy between a tube and the mechanism of water travel within a plant that is often used in botany classrooms, to understand the concept of an analogy. A flame word is something that is used as a substitute for another word or process that can then be used independent of the original word. It can be used since the original word is not used in common parlance or also probably because the flame word is what is used within a coterie of people who may understand the word. It can then be used as a means of developing a group with an understanding of certain secret words (Urban Dictionary, n.d.). One of the most celebrated devices of the figures of speech, metaphor refers to the substitution of one idea with the other so as to qualify the first one. In this device, the characteristics of one object are transferred to the other. The two objects may have no apparent relation and metaphors are often used by poets to shock readers in this way. When a person is referred to as a ‘cheetah on the track’, their exceptional speed is sought to be highlighted through the metaphor. Hyperbole is a figure of speech whereby something is exaggerated to a great extent. The reader is aware of the

Teaching Assistants Sopporting the Curriculum Essay

Teaching Assistants Sopporting the Curriculum - Essay Example This interaction will also instil in me the ability to assess where each pupil stands in terms of their individual learning and help me identify any gray areas where further effort is required to help the pupil progress further. I am aware that when working in any school as a teacher's assistant there will be a number of children who will be identified as having special educational needs. Some of these special needs pupils may have the same diagnosis and at times some of them may have not one but a combination of conditions. I will make sure that I adapt class activities to suit these special needs pupils. As Susan Bentham has successfully pointed out "In any discussion of diagnosis it is important to remember that a child is first and foremost an individual with his/her own personality". (Bentham pg 72) I plan to use this very philosophy to help each special need child and cater to them in the way that will suit them the best. This may involve adjusting various class activities to suit the personality and level of understanding of the special pupil or group of special pupils.